Viscoelastic shear properties of in vivo breast lesions measured by MR elastography

Elastography is a technique to assess the viscoelastic properties of tissue by measuring an acoustic wave propagating though the object. Here, the technique is applied in the course of standard MR mammography to 15 patients with different pathologies (six breast cancer cases, six fibroadenoma cases and three mastopathy cases). Low-frequency mechanical waves are coupled longitudinally into the tissue in order to obtain sufficient wave amplitude throughout the entire breast. This leads to the presence of a substantial fraction of compressional waves, which contribute to the total displacement field. It is shown theoretically that the correct evaluation of these contributions from the compressional wave is rather difficult due to the almost incompressible nature of tissue. To overcome this problem, it is proposed to apply the curl-operator to the measured displacement field in order to completely remove contributions from the compressional wave. Results from simulations and a breast phantom demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. The in vivo results show a good separation between breast cancer and benign fibroadenoma utilizing the shear modulus. Breast cancer appears on average 2.2 (P<.001) times stiffer. All breast cancer cases showed a good delineation to the surrounding breast tissue with an average elevation of a factor of 3.3 (P< 1.4 x 10(-6)). The results as obtained for the shear viscosity do not indicate to be useful for separating benign from malignant lesions.     

Self-poisoning of crystal nuclei in hard-rod liquids

We report a Monte Carlo study of the pathway for crystal nucleation in a fluid of hard, colloidal rods. In the earliest stages of nucleation, a lamellar crystallite forms. Subsequent thickening of this lamella is hampered by the fact that the top and bottom surfaces of this crystallite are preferentially covered by rods that align parallel to the surface. As a consequence, subsequent growth of individual crystals is stunted. Experimental evidence for such stunted crystal growth has recently been reported by Maeda and Maeda in experiments on suspensions of colloidal rods [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 018303 (2003)]]. The simulations suggest that, in experiments, the growth of multilayer colloidal crystals can be selectively enhanced by the application of an external aligning field.     

2-Acetamino-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin—lysine hybrids as hexosaminidase inhibitors

Cyclisation by double reductive amination of 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-d-xylo-hexos-5-ulose with N-2 protected l-lysine derivatives provided 2-acetamino-1,2-dideoxynojirimycin derivatives without any observable epimer formation at C-5. Modifications on the lysine moiety gave access to lipophilic derivatives that exhibited improved hexosaminidase inhibitory activities.     

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and N5,N10‐Methenyltetrahydrofolate are the in planta Cofactors of Arabidopsis thaliana Cryptochrome 3

Members of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) of proteins utilize noncovalently bound light‐absorbing cofactors for their biological function. Usually, the identity of these cofactors is determined after expression in heterologous systems leaving the question unanswered whether these cofactors are identical to the indigenous ones. Here, cryptochrome 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana was expressed as a fusion with the green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis plants. Besides the confirmation of the earlier report of its localization in chloroplasts, our data indicate that fractions of the fusion protein are present in the stroma and associated with thylakoids, respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that the fusion protein expressed in planta contains the same cofactors as the His₆‐tagged protein expressed in Escherichia coli, that is, flavin adenine dinucleotide and N⁵,N¹⁰‐methenyltetrahydrofolate. This demonstrates that the heterologously expressed cryptochrome 3, characterized in a number of previous studies, is a valid surrogate of the corresponding protein expressed in plants. To our knowledge, this is also a first conclusive analysis of cofactors bound to an Arabidopsis protein belonging to the CPF and purified from plant tissue.     

Anion–π Interactions in Salts with Polyhalide Anions: Trapping of I42−

The directionality of interaction of electron‐deficient π systems with spherical anions (e.g,. halides) can be controlled by secondary effects like NH or CH hydrogen bonding. In this study a series of pentafluorophenyl‐substituted salts with polyhalide anions is investigated. The compounds are obtained by aerobic oxidation of the corresponding halide upon crystallization. Solid‐state structures reveal that in bromide 2 , directing NH–anion interactions position the bromide ion in an η¹‐type fashion over but not in the center of the aromatic ring. The same directing forces are effective in corresponding tribromide salt 3 . In the crystal, the bromide ion is paneled by four electron‐deficient aromatic ring systems. In addition, compounds 4 and 6 , which have triiodide and the rare tetraiodide dianion as anions, are described. Computational studies reveal that the latter is highly unstable. In the present case it is stabilized by the crystal lattice, for example, by interaction with electron‐deficient π systems.     

DFT study of polymorphism of the DNA double helix at the level of dinucleoside monophosphates

We apply DFT calculations to deoxydinucleoside monophosphates (dDMPs) which represent minimal fragments of the DNA chain to study the molecular basis of stability of the DNA duplex, the origin of its polymorphism and conformational heterogeneity. In this work, we continue our previous studies of dDMPs where we detected internal energy minima corresponding to the “classical” B conformation (BI‐form), which is the dominant form in the crystals of oligonucleotide duplexes. We obtained BI local energy minima for all existing base sequences of dDMPs. In the present study, we extend our analysis to other families of DNA conformations, successfully identifying A, BI, and BII energy minima for all dDMP sequences. These conformations demonstrate distinct differences in sugar ring puckering, but similar sequence‐dependent base arrangements. Internal energies of BI and BII conformers are close to each other for nearly all the base sequences. The dGpdG, dTpdG, and dCpdA dDMPs slightly favor the BII conformation, which agrees with these sequences being more frequently experimentally encountered in the BII form. We have found BII‐like structures of dDMPs for the base sequences both existing in crystals in BII conformation and those not yet encountered in crystals till now. On the other hand, we failed to obtain dDMP energy minima corresponding to the Z family of DNA conformations, thus giving us the ground to conclude that these conformations are stabilized in both crystals and solutions by external factors, presumably by interactions with various components of the media. Overall the accumulated computational data demonstrate that the A, BI, and BII families of DNA conformations originate from the corresponding local energy minimum conformations of dDMPs, thus determining structural stability of a single DNA strand during the processes of unwinding and rewinding of DNA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 110:2548–2559, 2010